10、11Rosalind Mitchison, "A History of Scotland," p.323,p.340.

12Linda Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707-1837, Yale University Press, 2009, p.84.

13David Allan, "Scotland in the eighteenth century," p.59.

14Rosalind Mitchison, "A History of Scotland," p.342.

15David Allan, "Scotland in the eighteenth century," p.61.

16Pal. Hist., XIV, p728, 轉引自Linda Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707-1837, Yale University Press, 2009, p.121.

17John M. MacKenzie, "Irish, Scottish, Welsh and English worlds? The historiography of a four-nations approach to the history of the British Empire," Catherine Hall & Keith McClelland eds., Race, nation and empire: making histories, 1750 to the present, Manchester University Press, 2010, p.146.

18John M. MacKenzie, "Empire and National Identities: The Case of Scotland," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, December 1998, p.221.

19Alvin Jackson, The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the survival of the United Kingdom, 1707-2007, Oxford University Press, 2012, p.133.

20Graeme Morton, "Identity Within the Union State, 1800-1900", T. M. Devine, Jenny Wormald eds.,The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History, Oxford University Press, 2012, p.477.

21George Shepperson, "David Livingstone 1813-1873: A Centenary Assessment," The Geographical Journal, Vol. 139, No. 2 (Jun., 1973),  pp. 205-219.

22Alvin Jackson, The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the survival of the United Kingdom, 1707-2007,  p.150.

23John F. McCaffrey, Scotland in the nineteenth century, Macmillan Press, 1998, p.2.

24Linda Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707-1837, Yale University Press, 2009, p.123.

25John F. McCaffrey, Scotland in the nineteenth century, p.56.

26John Sinclair, "Analysis of the statistical account of Scotland: with a general view of the history of that country, and discussions on some important branches of political economy," W. Tait, 1831, pp.68-69.

27John F. McCaffrey, Scotland in the nineteenth century, pp.57-58.

28Murray G. H. Pittock, "The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart myth and the Scottish identity, 1638 to the present," Routledge, 1991, p.138.

29Murray Pittock, "The Road to Independence, Scotland since the Sixties," Reaktion Books, 2008.

30、32王強：《蘇格蘭獨立公投的背后》，《新金融觀察》，2013年12月22日。

31于歡：《蘇格蘭獨立公投引發北海油氣暗戰》，《中國能源報》，2012年2月6日。

33Menzies Campbell, "I will vote no to independence because I love Scotland," The Guardian, 7 April 2014.

Practical Interests Dispute: Historical Clue in the Scottish Referendum
                                                      Liu Cheng
Abstract: In 1707, Scotland and England signed the Treaty of Union, making Scotland part of the United Kingdom. In the 200 years that followed, on the one hand, Scotland took the initiative to participate in the nation-state development and empire building of Britain, thus becoming part of the British nation and achieving rapid development in many respects; on the other hand, it had always upheld its national identity and constantly sought greater political power and autonomy while supporting the alliance. With the decline of the British Empire in the 20th century, the alliance became less attractive and nationalism began to develop in Scotland. As the separatist forces grew strong, an independence referendum finally came in 2014. Either in uniting with England long ago or in seeking independence now, interests have invariably been the key issue Scotland considered.
Keywords: Scottish Referendum, North Sea oil and gas fields, Industrial Revolution, Scottish-English Alliance, separatism

劉成，南京大學歷史學系教授、博導，亞太和平研究協會（APPRA）理事，中國英國史研究會理事，江蘇省世界史學會副會長。研究方向為英國史、和平學。主要著作有《理想與現實：英國工黨與公有制》、《和平學》、《英國：從稱霸世界到回歸歐洲》、《英國現代轉型與工黨重鑄》等。