注釋

1、包錫南：《北歐國家的環境問題和農業環境保護概況》，《環境科學動態》，1989年第12期。

2～11、13～15、19～21、23、24、30、37、39、40、43、53Greening the economy: Nordic experiences and challenges, TemaNord 2011:532, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2011.

12OECD Environmental Performance Reviews - DENMARK, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, 2007.

13～15Greening the economy: Nordic experiences and challenges, TemaNord 2011:532, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2011.

16The Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 1999~2001, TemaNord Report 2002:581, Nordic Council of Ministers,2002.

17、18、27、32、35、38、41The Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2006~2009, TemaNord Report 2009:578, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009.

19～21Greening the economy: Nordic experiences and challenges, TemaNord 2011:532, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2011.

22Nordic Environment: Greening the economy-the Nordic way，http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2012-1001，2014年7月30日訪問。

25The Nordic Swan - from past experiences to future possibilities. The third evaluation of the Nordic ecolabelling scheme, TemaNord Report 2008:529, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2008.

26、28、29Decoupling of CO2 Emissions from Energy Intensive Industries, TemaNord Report 2006:528, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

31、33、34The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy in the Nordic and Baltic Countries 2001-2005, TemaNord Report 2006:525, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

36、Innovation effects of the Swedish NOx charge. Joint Meetings of Tax and Environment Experts. COM/ENV/EPOC/CTPA/CFA(2009)8/FINAL. Environment Directorate, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, 2010.

42、The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy in the Nordic and Baltic Countries 2001-2005, TemaNord Report 2006:525, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

44、The Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2006-2009, TemaNord Report 2009:578, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009.

45、The Environment and Public Procurement - Common Nordic Procurement Criteria , TemaNord Report 2006:599, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

46、Benefits of Green Public Procurement, TemaNord Report 2009:593, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009.

47、Nordic Cooperation on Green Public Procurement: The First Set of Criteria Examples, TemaNord Report 2009:759, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009.

48、Towards sustainable consumption and production-Nordic contribution 2006- 2009. Examples of and conclusions on project results relevant for EU and other international policy processes. Nordic Council of Ministers' Working Group for Sustainable Consumption and Production (NCM-SCP), 2010.

49、The Environment and Public Procurement - Common Nordic Procurement Criteria, TemaNord Report 2006:599, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

50、Towards sustainable consumption and production-Nordic contribution 2006- 2009. Examples of and conclusions on project results relevant for EU and other international policy processes. Nordic Council of Ministers' Working Group for Sustainable Consumption and Production (NCM-SCP), 2010.

51、Environmental Communication to consumers - a Nordic manual, TemaNord Report 2006:750, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2006.

52、Payment for ecosystem services, TemaNord Report 2009:571, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009.

責 編／楊昀贇

【摘要】北歐國家環境政策的先進程度在世界范圍內處于領先地位。上個世紀70年代，北歐國家開始系統治理環境問題。其后，該地區環境政策的發展大致經歷了四個發展階段——命令控制型時期、市場型政策廣泛發展時期、氣候治理興起時期以及新市場型政策措施時期。北歐國家的經濟社會發展和環境改善，與各種市場型環境政策的采取有著密切的聯系。由末端治理轉變為實現社會綠色增長，北歐國家的發展經歷為各國提供了良好的示范。命令控制型政策無法適應我國日漸嚴峻的環保需求，可以借鑒北歐國家所采取的對環保行為的鼓勵不設上限的市場型政策。

【關鍵詞】北歐國家 環境政策 綠色增長

周珂，中國人民大學法學院教授、博導。研究方向為環境資源法、經濟法、房地產法。主要著作有《物業規范管理教程》、《生態環境法論》、《環境法》、《我國入世后環境與貿易問題的法律審視》（論文）等。林瀟瀟，中國人民大學法學院博士研究生。